Bamboo biochar-catalytic degradation of lignin under microwave heating

Abstract

Lignin biochar-catalytic depolymerization using biochar Fe-600, Fe-800, Ni-600, Ni-800 catalysts under microwave-heating (180?°C for 30?min) was explored in an ethanol/formic acid (1:1) media. Non-catalyst depolymerization was also studied and compared with the biochar-catalysts results. Characteristics of the bio-char catalysts were analyze by BET, XRD, and FT-IR. GPC, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry were also used to characterize the depolymerization products. The experimental results showed that the S_BET, V_t, and V_mec and average pore diameter of the biochars are considerably dependent on the preparation temperature and type of cation (Ni²⁺ or Fe³⁺). The maximum yield of bio-oil product was obtained as 85?wt% with the addition of biochar Ni-600 and the total amount of oligomers or monomers with a molecular weight of 164 to 446 reaches 80.4%.     

Fatigue in bamboo

This paper describes the results of an experimental programme to determine the fatigue behaviour of bamboo. Bamboo is subjected to cyclic loading, both in the plant itself and subsequently when the material is used in load-bearing applications in the construction industry. However, there is currently no data in the literature describing fatigue in this material. We found that sections of bamboo culm loaded parallel to the culm axis did not undergo fatigue failure: samples either failed on the first loading cycle, or not at all. By contrast, fatigue was readily apparent in samples loaded in compression across the diameter of the culm. The number of cycles to failure increased as the cyclic load range decreased in a manner similar to that found in many engineering materials: fatigue occurred at applied loads as small as 40% of the ultimate strength. Two different species of bamboo were tested and found to have different ultimate strengths but similar high-cycle fatigue strengths. Finite element analysis was used to help understand the progression of fatigue damage and the effect of stress concentration features. Some tentative design rules are proposed to define stress levels for the safe use of bamboo, taking fatigue into account.     

Characterisation and in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic and degradation compounds in bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus Sinicus) during traditional fermentation

Fermentation has been historically applied to reduce bamboo shoot (BS) toxicity. However, the underlying degradation pathway of the toxic compounds remains unknown. In this work, the cytotoxicity of BS against the BRL-3A cells was evaluated, and the changes in chemical constituents were determined to reveal the influence of fermentation on BS. The in vitro toxic evaluation revealed fermentation time was crucial in decreasing the toxicity. The main compounds in fresh and fermented were qualitatively and quantitatively determined and were further targeted isolated and identified. A mathematical model to describe the change rate as a function of fermentation time was formulated. Dynamic profiling revealed that taxiphyllin 1 , p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2 and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate 3 decreased and transformed into intermediate compounds (p-hydroxybenzoic acid 4 and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 5 ), finally converting into p-hydroxytoluene 6 during fermentation. The results provided basis on the chemical components for practical fermentation and the quality control of BS products.     

关于竹桩复合地基工程实测及理论的探讨

应用土力学的基本原理,根据工程实测数据,对竹桩复合地基的承载力、变形和固结特征进行了探讨,认识了其性能的实用性和科学性。     

Effect of blanching and drying treatments on quality of bamboo shoot slices

The enzymes activity, texture, pectin, microstructure and colour change in bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) were examined to evaluate the effect of blanching and drying treatments on quality of bamboo shoot slices (BSS). Peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polyphenol oxidase in BSS will become completely inactive at 95 °C for 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐min blanching treatments, respectively. The hardness and protopectin (PP) content decreased after the blanching treatment. Meanwhile, the content of water‐soluble pectin increased initially and then decreased gradually during the blanching. After the blanching treatment, the L* and a* of BSS decreased, while b* increased, ΔE > 2. The hardness of rehydrated BSS decreased by 43.57% after freeze drying (FD), which, however, decreased more after hot air drying (HAD). The pectin of rehydrated BSS was also determined to explain the hardness change in BSS. The BSS acquired similar microstructure of fresh samples after FD, while microstructure of BSS was severely damaged after HAD. The colour of BSS changes significantly after drying treatment. However, FD can maintain better colour of BSS than HAD. The results may provide a reference for industrial production of BSS.     

竹材性能和在土钉墙支护中的应用

根据室内外试验结果,总结了我国部分竹材的耐久性和力学性能,介绍了竹材复合土钉墙支护实例,论证了竹材替代钢材在临时性基坑工程中应用的可行性.竹材作为一种建筑材料在工程中的应用,可减少温室气体排放,保护环境,应用前景广阔.     

竹片洗涤系统技术改造

介绍了竹片洗涤系统的相关流程,针对竹片洗涤系统运行过程中遇到的问题进行了工艺、设备和控制系统等方面的技改,取得了很好的效果.     

竹陶瓷结合剂砂轮的电解性能研究

为了解决金属结合剂砂轮容易对工件表面造成金属元素污染等问题,采用竹炭这一环保型材料研究开发了用于ELID磨削的竹陶瓷结合剂砂轮,具有无金属、耐磨性好、成本低廉等优点。对ELID磨削来说,砂轮的导电性能对磨削效果影响很大,需要对不同制作工艺条件下竹陶瓷结合剂砂轮的导电性能进行研究。通过对不同材料配比和炭化温度下制作的竹陶瓷砂轮试样的导电性测试表明,树脂含量和炭化过程都对竹陶瓷砂轮的导电性有很大影响。最后通过试验研究了竹陶瓷砂轮的电解性能,试验表明,在电解液中试样表面可以生成良好的钝化膜。     

新型单级可升压逆变器

提出了一种新型单级可升压逆变器拓扑,利用逆变桥的直通零矢量与耦合电感储能及转移升压技术,实现了逆变器直流母线电压的升压调节,仅使用一级变换电路,消除了传统电压源型逆变器的局限,适合于输入电压较大范围变化,输出恒压的逆变场合.以应用于风力发电系统中功率变换的新型单级可升压三相逆变器为例,详细阐述其工作机理,并通过仿真和实...